Unraveling Ankylosing Spondylitis From Immunopathogenesis to Modern Treatment Approaches
Keywords:
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), Axial spondyloarthritis, HLA-B27, Biological therapy, Targeted therapy, Immunopathogenesis, pro-inflammatory cytokinesAbstract
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease that primarily affects the axial skeleton, resulting in back pain and progressive stiffness. The purpose of this study is to provide an integrated observation in the form of pathophysiology, clinical criteria, and available medical methods. Environmental factors and genetic susceptibility, mainly HLA-B27, are an intricate interaction in AS Etiology. Increased knowledge about immunopathogenesis has added the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and TNF-α in the devastating course of the disease. Early diagnosis is indicated but immensely challenging, as the onset is gradual and presenting symptoms are futile. MRI and other radiographic imaging, along with genetic workup and biomarkers, are of most significance in initial identification. With advances in biological therapies with the potential to block various inflammatory cascades, there is hope of improved outcomes and quality of life in patients. Non-pharmacological management in the guise of physiotherapy and lifestyle modification continues to be an integral part of the comprehensive management plan. The review also references the necessity of utilizing a multidisciplinary approach in optimizing patient outcomes in the context of recent advances in the etiology and treatment of AS.
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